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Potential vectors of leishmaniases in southeastern Asia
Mandysová, Adéla ; Dvořák, Vít (advisor) ; Vojtková, Barbora (referee)
Leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. They are transmitted by blood feeding phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). The disease occurs in many parts of the world, including southeastern Asia. Recently, the number of human leishmaniasis cases have been increasing in this region. Leishmania martiniquenis and L. orientalis of the subgenus Mundinia are the causative agents of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, L. donovani and L. infantum are the causative agents only of visceral leishmaniasis (also known as kala-azar) here. Domestic animals may serve as natural reservoirs, suggesting their role in zoonotic cycle. Although the fauna of phlebotomine sandflies in this area is rich, no species has yet been proven as a vector of the disease. Recent studies suggest that other groups of insects in the southeastern Asia could transmit the diasease. The potential vectors could be females of the genus Sergentomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) and also biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Key words: sand fly, leishmaniasis, vector, southeastern Asia, Thailand
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Sex in Trypanosomatids
Kvapilová, Kateřina ; Volf, Petr (advisor) ; Čepička, Ivan (referee)
3 Abstrakt Rody Leishmania a Trypanosoma jsou původci vážných lidských onemocnění: leishmaniózy a trypanosomózy. Dlouhá léta nebyly u těchto parazitů nalezeny přesvědčivé důkazy o genetické výměně, a proto byly rody Trypanosoma a Leishmania považovány za klonálně se rozmnožující, a to binárním štěpením jako většina prvoků. Výzkum ztěžovaly i skutečnosti, že pohlavní dimorfismus není patrný a chromosomy nekondenzují, tudíž nejsou viditelné. Nicméně klonální model začaly zpochybňovat pozorování přirozeně se vyskytujících hybridních druhů. Nejdříve byla existence sexu popsána u trypanosom a to prvním přímým důkazem hybridů T. brucei, získaných po společném přenosu rodičů mouchou tsetse. U leishmanii byl důkaz poskytnut na základě dvojitě rezistentních hybridů a sexuální výměna podstupovala stejný meiotický proces jako T. brucei. Byli pozorovaní přirozeně se vyskytující hybridi Nového i Starého světa jak u rodu Viannia, tak i u rodu Leishmania. Otázkou dalších výzkumů bylo, jaký je mechanismus genetické výměny, ale odpověď dodnes není jasná. Klíčová slova: genetická výměna, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, klonalita, meióza, GFP, přenašeč Abstract Genera Leishmania and Trypanosoma are agents of serious human diseases: leishmaniasis and trypanosomózy. For many years these parasites were considered clone-replicating by...
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Knowledge of Pupils Secondary School in the Area of Selected Zoonoses
Svobodová, Barbora ; Pavlasová, Lenka (advisor) ; Říhová, Dagmar (referee)
The subject of the dissertation deals with the secondary school pupil's awareness of zoonoses. Zoonoses are the diseases transmited from animals to human beings. Those are one of the topics of biology study currently. The main aim of the dissertation is theoretical definition of the matter in the first place. For knowledge testing have been chosen these four illness: Toxoplasmosis, Lyme boreliossis, Rabies and Creuzfeldt-Jakobo disease. With these chosen illness the main research goal is to provide a comprehensive collection of information about the details such as disease transfer, spread of the disease, disease development, cure and avoidance. The research part of the dissertation tries to find out the extent of knowledge about the chosen kinds of zoonoses among the pupils at specialized secondary schools. As a tool of quantitative research has been used a pupil's didactic test. As based on the evaluated results we may say that the pupil's knowledge at explored schools is relatively satisfactory.
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Viannia development in the vector
Hlaváčová, Jana ; Volf, Petr (advisor) ; Dostálová, Anna (referee)
Leishmania of the subgenus Viannia are protozoan parasites transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Phlebotominae). They occur in tropical and subtropical areas in South America, where they cause cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In this thesis, we studied developmental pattern of Viannia group and factors affecting its development within the sand fly gut. First, we investigated Leishmania braziliensis development within the Lutzomyia longipalpis digestive tract. Using GFP-labeled strain we demonstrated peripylar development: promastigotes escaped from the endoperitrophic space, colonized the hindgut and then migrated anteriorly. Four morphological forms were found within the Lu. longipalpis digestive tract: elongated nectomonads, short nectomonads, metacyclic promastigotes and paramastigotes. Furthermore, using the histological methods we demonstrated parasite attachment in pylorus region, while there were only free promastigotes in the midgut; neither form was found attached to the midgut epithelium. The next part was devoted to the effect of temperature on Viannia in Lu. longipalpis. We compared development of two closely related species L. peruviana and L. braziliensis at 20 řC and 26 řC. Leishmania braziliensis developed well in both temperatures tested, L. peruviana developed...
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Parasites And Their Preparation For School Utilization
Chlumová, Kateřina ; Říhová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Hanel, Lubomír (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with common parasites of game animals, animals and human occurring in the territory of the Czech Republic. It focuses on their fixation and general preparation of such specimens for usage in teaching of Science. The first part is devoted to the phenomenon of parasitism, and the history and definition of this concept. Systematic hierarchy of various unrelated parasitic groups is clarified. The second part provides the list of parasites, from the evolutionary original to the highly derived groups. We give an overview of their morphology and anatomy with the emphasis on their life cycle. The detailed knowledge of life cycle is essential for obtaining specimens. In each group, we indicate methods of collection and fixation in detail. The co called smartmicroscope represent the main point of the third part of proposed diploma thesis. Text of the thesis is supplemented with pictures taken by smart microscope, as well as by common microscope. KEY WORDS parasite, parasitism, mikropredatore, vector, fixation, preparation, smart mikroscope
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Leishmaniases and their vectors in the Middle East
Zelenková, Natálie ; Dvořák, Vít (advisor) ; Votýpka, Jan (referee)
Leishmaniases are vector-borne parasitic diseases that remain major neglected tropical diseases of the world. Both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in the Middle East, with several countries reporting increasing incidence in recent years. The Middle East is a region of great political instability and the escalating conflicts in Syria, Yemen and Iraq have led to collapses of local healthcare systems. These countries have consequently seen many outbreaks of leishmaniasis. War is associated with refugee crisis that enables further spread of the disease to previously non-endemic areas. L. major and L. tropica are the main causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis and species of the L. donovani complex are the causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis in this region. Many species of the genus Phlebotomus occur here, with P. papatasi and P. sergenti being among the most abundant proven local vectors. Rodents and dogs are considered to be the main reservoir hosts of the infection. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to summarize the occurence of leishmaniases in the Middle Eastern countries in the context of the current situation in this region.
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Parasites And Their Preparation For School Utilization
Chlumová, Kateřina ; Říhová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Hanel, Lubomír (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with common parasites of game animals, animals and human occurring in the territory of the Czech Republic. It focuses on their fixation and general preparation of such specimens for usage in teaching of Science. The first part is devoted to the phenomenon of parasitism, and the history and definition of this concept. Systematic hierarchy of various unrelated parasitic groups is clarified. The second part provides the list of parasites, from the evolutionary original to the highly derived groups. We give an overview of their morphology and anatomy with the emphasis on their life cycle. The detailed knowledge of life cycle is essential for obtaining specimens. In each group, we indicate methods of collection and fixation in detail. The co called smartmicroscope represent the main point of the third part of proposed diploma thesis. Text of the thesis is supplemented with pictures taken by smart microscope, as well as by common microscope. KEY WORDS parasite, parasitism, mikropredatore, vector, fixation, preparation, smart mikroscope
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Biology of Leishmania enriettii species complex.
Bečvář, Tomáš ; Sádlová, Jovana (advisor) ; Spitzová, Tatiana (referee)
vytvořený v roce 2016, ve kterém je zařazeno 5 druhů leishmanií - pouze divokých druhů savců, zatímco druhy "L. siamensis" . izolovaná v Ghaně mají potenciál infikovat i člověka. Areál rozšíření těchto druhů je velmi široký a zasahuje do všech kontinentů světa kromě Antarktidy, čemuž odpovídá i neobvyklá hostitelů a přenašečů onemocnění. Mezi vektory patří nejen flebotomové dvoukřídlý krevsající hmyz čele i tiplíci (Diptera: což je v rámci rodu zcela unikátní Škála zvířat, ze kterých byli zástupci podrodu izolováni je široká, od ů í či dobytka po hlodavce, ale skutečné doklady o jejich rezervoárové roli chybí. Mnohé otázky, zejména přesná identita rezervoárových zvířat a přenašečů, musí být zodpovězeny, než pochopíme unikátního Klíčová slova: leishmanióza, "Leishmania siamensis" , leishmanióza koní, fylogeneze, agbamekanu
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